ABSTRACT Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is one of the most important raw materials of beer production. Despite being the third-largest producer and consumer of beer worldwide, Brazil imports almost all hops for production. Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for hop development and its behavior under different doses is still unknown for Brazilian conditions. Our goal was to evaluate the dry matter and essential oil yields of the Chinook hop fertilized with five N rates during three harvests. Leaves, branches, and cones were sampled to determine their dry matter production, and cones were also analyzed for essential oil contents, extracted by hydrodistillation. Cone number per plant, cone, branch, and leaf dry matter yields, as well as total essential oil yield per plant, increased linearly as nitrogen rates were raised. The production of DM of cones obtained ranged between 245.8 (N:0) and 386.7 kg ha-1 (N:250 kg N ha-1). Yield differences were also noted between harvest years due to weather conditions. Therefore, we can conclude that increasing N rates and climatic conditions affect N contents in hop leaves, as well as hops overall and oil yields, due to the higher cone dry matter. However, essential oil contents in cone dry matter did not change.

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization with and without humic acid in barley cultivars on the export of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium grains. The experiment was performed in the city of Guarapuava, PR, during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons. The experimental design was in RCB in factorial 5 x 2, with the following sowing fertilization (kg ha-1): 0, 100 NPK, 100 NPK+HS, 250 NPK, 250 NPK+HS and two cultivars, BRS Brau and BRS Elis. The dose of 250 kg NPK with humic substance increased the nitrogen export to barley grains, with the highest levels occurring in the BRS Brau cultivar under favorable climatic conditions. Under favorable climatic conditions, the export of phosphorus to barley grains in the agricultural crop was not influenced by the humic substance, with the highest levels occurring in the BRS Brau cultivar. The dose of 100 kg NPK with humic substance increased the export of potassium to barley grains, with the highest levels occurring in the BRS Brau cultivar regardless of climatic condition. There were correlations between nitrogen and phosphorus levels in grains and between phosphorus content and grain yield.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito protetor de diferentes formas de aplicação de inseticida sobre a transmissão do nanismo amarelo em cultivares de cevada, bem como determinar os custos de produção e o lucro líquido destes manejos. Os experimentos foram realizados durante as safras 2011 e 2012, tendo-se utilizado os seguintes manejos nas parcelas principais: T1, tratamento de sementes com inseticida (TS) + inseticida na parte aérea aplicado quinzenalmente; T2, apenas TS; T3, inseticida aplicado à parte aérea, quando foi atingido o nível de controle de afídeos (NC); T4, sem inseticida; e T5, TS + inseticida na parte aérea, quando o NC foi atingido. As subparcelas foram constituídas de diferentes cultivares de cevada: BRS Cauê, BRS Brau e MN 6021. Foram utilizados os inseticidas lambda-cialotrina (piretroide) e thiametoxam (neonicotinoide). Houve diferenças no índice de doença do nanismo amarelo em ambas as safras para os diferentes manejos, enquanto o dano ao rendimento de grãos foi influenciado pelo ano e pela população de afídeos. Os custos de produção e lucro líquido diferiram entre os tratamentos. Constatou-se que o tratamento de sementes com inseticida é suficiente para reduzir a epidemia do nanismo-amarelo em anos com baixa pressão populacional de afídeos; porém, em anos com maiores populações, a aplicação de inseticida à parte aérea também se torna necessária.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the protective effect of different forms of insecticide application on the transmission of yellow dwarf disease in barley cultivars, as well as to determine the production costs and the net profit of these managements. The experiments were carried out during 2011 and 2012 growing seasons, using the following managements at main plots: T1, seed treatment with insecticide (ST) + insecticide on shoots at 15-day interval; T2, just ST; T3, insecticide applied on shoots, when aphid control level (CL) was reached; T4, without insecticide; and T5, ST + insecticide on shoots when CL was reached. Different barley cultivars - BRS Cauê, BRS Brau and MN 6021 - were arranged in the subplots. Insecticides lambda cyhalothrin (pyrethroid) and thiamethoxam (neonicotinoid) were used. There were differences on yellow dwarf disease index in both seasons for the different treatments, while damage to grain yield was influenced by year and aphid population. Production costs and net profit were different among treatments. Seed treatment with insecticide is sufficient to reduce the transmission of yellow dwarf disease in years with low aphid population pressure, while in years with larger populations, the application of insecticide on shoots is also required.

BRS Deméter é uma cultivar de cevada dística (duas fileiras de grãos) de ampla adaptação, sob irrigação, ao Cerrado do Brasil Central. Apresenta potencial produtivo de grãos acima de 5.000 kg ha-1, estabilidade de produção e alta qualidade industrial malte-cervejeira. A cultivar atende às demandas do produtor por rendimento competitivo e às da indústria malteira por alta qualidade cervejeira.

BRS Deméter is a spring, two-rowed barley, widely adapted to irrigated areas of the savanna, in Central Brazil. It presents production stability and high malting quality, with yield potential above 5,000 kg ha-1. It fulfills both the farmer and malting industry expectations regarding competitive yield and brewing quality.

A mancha marrom causada pelo fungo Bipolaris sorokiniana é considerada um dos problemas fitossanitários mais importantes na cevada provocando reduções na produtividade e prejuízos na qualidade cervejeira. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos elicitores goma xantana e alicina e do fungicida epoxiconazole + piraclostrobina no controle da mancha marrom em cevada cervejeira, cultivar BRS 195 em dois ciclos de cultivo. O experimento foi conduzido na Fundação Agrária de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FAPA), em Guarapuava, Estado do Paraná, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. A aplicação de elicitores e fungicida resultou em maior peso de mil sementes, sem interferir no teor de proteínas e na classificação comercial. O rendimento de grãos foi superior após duas ou três aplicações de alicina. A incidência e severidade de B. sorokiniana nas folhas de plantas tratadas com elicitores foram semelhantes àquelas com fungicida.

The disease spot blotch, caused by the fungi Bipolaris sorokiniana, is considered one of the most important phytosanitary problems of barley crop resulting on low productivity and damage on beer quality. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the elicitors xanthan gum and alicin and fungicide epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin on spot blotch control of barley cultivar BRS 195 during two cultivation cycles. The experiment was carried out at Fundação Agrária de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FAPA), Guarapuava, state of Paraná. The experimental design was in completely randomized blocks, with four replications. Treatment of barley plants with elicitors and fungicide resulted in higher thousand-seed weight without interfering on protein content and commercial classification. The grain yield increased after two or three alicin treatments. Bipolaris sorokiniana incidence and severety on the leaves of plants treated with elicitors were similar to those treated with fungicide.

Para o controle da mancha marrom da cevada, causada pelo fungo Bipolaris sorokiniana, têm sido utilizados fungicidas e mais recentemente foi proposto o uso de elicitores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de duas cultivares de cevada cervejeira, "BRS 195" e "BRS 225", em resposta à aplicação de elicitores goma xantana e alicina e do fungicida epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin, comparativamente a plantas não tratadas. O experimento foi conduzido na Fundação Agrária de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FAPA), Guarapuava - PR, no delineamento de blocos completos casualizados. Na análise de crescimento, foram determinados o índice de área foliar (IAF), a taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR) e a taxa assimilatória líquida (TAL). Observou-se desenvolvimento semelhante das cultivares em todos os tratamentos. A cultivar "BRS 225" registrou maior acúmulo de matéria seca no período de avaliação por apresentar um ciclo vegetativo mais curto. O IAF aumentou até a fase de emborrachamento das plantas, com posterior decréscimo. A TCR diminuiu da primeira para a última coleta. A TAL diminuiu até 57 dias após a emergência, seguindo aumento no decorrer das avaliações.

In order to control barley boun spot, caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, fungicides and more recently elicitors have been used. The objective of this work was to evaluate the development of two barley cultivars (BRS 195 and 225) in response to treatment with two elicitors xanthan gum and alicin and the fungicide epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin compared with non treated control plants. The experiment was carried out at Fundação Agrária de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FAPA), Guarapuava - PR, in a randomized complete block design. In the growth analysis, they were performed calculating the leaf area index (LAI), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR). A similar development was observed for both cultivars in all treatments. The cultivar BRS 225 showed higher dry weight accumulation during the evaluation period than cultivar BRS 195 because of its shorter vegetative growth phase. The LAI increased until the boot stage following decrease. The RGR decreased from the first to the last evaluation. The NAR decreased until 57 days after emergency and then increased during all remaining evaluations.

A cevada MN 716, lançada em 2004, é uma das cultivares recomendadas para cultivo com maior estabilidade de produção. Nos anos em que participou do ensaio para determinação de seu valor de cultivo e uso, apresentou excelente produtividade de grãos, com média superior a 3.000 kg ha-1, e desempenho equilibrado quanto à qualidade, com destaque para seu teor de beta-glucanas e índice enzimático. A cultivar constitui um avanço do melhoramento desse cereal no Brasil, aliando características de interesse do produtor e da indústria.

Barley cultivar MN 716, released in 2004, is one of the most recomended cultivars, for its high stability. In the years that it was included in the agronomic and use value trial, the cultivar MN 716 showed high yield average, exceeding 3,000 kg ha-1, as well as excellent qualitative performance, mainly in relation to beta-glucans and enzyme index. The cultivar is a breeding achievement for this cereal in Brazil, and serves the interests of both producers and industrial sector.